Chinese people
The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:
- People of Han Chinese ancestry, who are often simply referred to as "Chinese" or "ethnic Chinese" in English.
- The Zhonghua minzu (translated as "Chinese nationality"), a supra-ethnic concept which includes all 56 ethnic groups living in China that are officially recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China, such as Han, Zhuang, Manchu, Tibetans, and other established ethnic groups who have lived within the borders of China since at least the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). It also includes overseas Chinese.
- People who hold citizenship of the People's Republic of China (mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau) or the Republic of China (Taiwan); This definition stems from a legal perspective. (Note: Whether citizenship in the Republic of China makes one "Chinese" is subject of some political debate as supporters of Taiwan independence do not consider Taiwan to be part of China)
Apart from citizenship (legal) reasons; place of residence (geographical factors), race (biological reasons), and ancestry (historical and genealogical factors) are involved in defining how "Chinese" someone is.
During the Qing dynasty, the term Zhongyuan ren (中原人) was synonymous with being Chinese, especially refering to Han Chinese and Hui muslims in Xinjiang or Central Asia.
While Hui do not consider themselves Han and are not Han, the Hui consider themselves Chinese and refer to themselves as Zhongyuan ren.[1] The Dungan people, descendants of Hui who fled to Central Asia, called themselves Zhongyuan ren in addition to the standard labels Lao Huihui and Huizi.[2][3] Zhongyuan ren was used by Turkic muslims to refer to ethnic Chinese. When Central Asian invaders from Kokand invaded Kashgar, in a letter the kokandi commander criticizes the Kashgari Turkic muslim Ishaq for allegedly not behaving like a muslim and wanting to be a Zhongyuan ren (Chinese).[4][5]
Contents |
Mandarin
| Term | Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zhōnggúorén | 中國人 | 中国人 | Refers to a person of a state called "China". Some use this term to refer to anyone who holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China, regardless of ethnicity. Others use it only for citizens of the People's Republic of China. Usage can depend on political views about the status of the Republic of China. |
| Huárén | 華人 | 华人 | An overall term to refer to any person of Chinese descent, including those in China and abroad. However, this term is more commonly used in referring to the overseas Chinese community and sometimes overseas Chinese minorities. |
| Huáqíao | 華僑 | 华侨 | Refers to a Chinese national or citizen living in a foreign country, while still holds Chinese citizenship. This term was more commonly used before 1949, when China provided citizenship for many overseas Chinese. |
| Huáyì | 華裔 | 华裔 | Refers to a person of Chinese descent living in a foreign country, who does not hold a citizenship from neither the People's Republic of China nor the Republic of China. |
Cantonese
| Term | Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lou waa kiu | 老華僑 | 老华侨 | Used by overseas Cantonese-speakers to refer to a person who has lived outside of China for a long period, usually 10 or more years. |
| Tong jan | 唐人 | 唐人 | Tang Chinese, generally synonymous with Han Chinese for similar reasons. see (唐人街) |
| Tou zyu | 土著 | 土著 | Literally means "from the soil"; refers to a Chinese person of a minority ethnic group born in China. |
| Zuk sing | 竹昇 | 竹升 | More commonly spelled as "jook-sing" in English, used to describe a westernized person of Chinese descent. |
See also
Notes
- ↑ Richard V. Weekes (1984). . Greenwood Press. p. 334. . http://books.google.com/books?id=-lZIAAAAMAAJ&q=Similarities+between+the+Hui+and+Han+are+so+great+that+many+observers+have+concluded+the+Hui+to+be+%22not+a+separate+race+from+the+Han%22+but+only+%22Han+who+believe+in+Islam.+'+'+This+is+incorrect.+Hui+agree+they+are+Chinese+(Zhongyuan-+ren)+...&dq=Similarities+between+the+Hui+and+Han+are+so+great+that+many+observers+have+concluded+the+Hui+to+be+%22not+a+separate+race+from+the+Han%22+but+only+%22Han+who+believe+in+Islam.+'+'+This+is+incorrect.+Hui+agree+they+are+Chinese+(Zhongyuan-+ren)+...&hl=en&ei=9q4bTZK1IMO88ga0poDGBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ↑ James Stuart Olson, Nicholas Charles Pappas (1994). . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 202. . http://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&pg=PA202&dq=zhongyuan+ren&hl=en&ei=l64bTYH9G4Sq8AaLtYjDDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=zhongyuan%20ren&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ↑ Nagendra Kr Singh, Abdul Mabud Khan (2001). . Global Vision Pub. House. p. 400. . http://books.google.com/books?id=k8PXAAAAMAAJ&q=In+the+past,+they+called+themselves+Zhongyuan-ren+(in+Chinese%3B+Zhongyuan+is+the+common+name+for+Henan+province).+Since+about+1960,+however&dq=In+the+past,+they+called+themselves+Zhongyuan-ren+(in+Chinese%3B+Zhongyuan+is+the+common+name+for+Henan+province).+Since+about+1960,+however&hl=en&ei=tK8bTdsvwvvwBqD0rccN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ↑ James A. Millward (1998). . Stanford University Press. p. 215. . http://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA215&dq=zhongyuan+ren&hl=en&ei=l64bTYH9G4Sq8AaLtYjDDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=zhongyuan%20ren&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ↑ Laura Newby (2005). . BRILL. p. 148. . http://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C&pg=PA148&dq=zhongyuan+ren&hl=en&ei=l64bTYH9G4Sq8AaLtYjDDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=zhongyuan%20ren&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-28.